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Tuesday, August 21, 2007

What's in a Name? Part 1 - Surname Meanings

Do you know what your surname means and how it was acquired? To be sure, there is an intriguing history associated with each name. The challenge for genealogists and family historians is getting to the root of the name so that a true meaning can be determined. Simply put, the surname you bear nowadays may be considerably different than the original spelling your ancestors used centuries ago. Thus, it is the spelling inconsistency by which names were altered over the span of many years that presents itself as the obstacle to overcome in determining the true meaning of the name.

It's also important to understand that, until fairly recently in our history, surnames were optional, or didn't exist at all. Although the actual start point varies by region, prior to the start of the 17th century, researching individuals (unless royalty or families of some importance) becomes very difficult. It is at about this time when people, outside of towns and cities, only began to use surnames with some regularity. Before that, most people only had first names.

Surnames were established for a number of reasons. First, and foremost, they were needed to distinguish the multiple Toms, Dicks and Harrys from one another. Surnames were used to identify people with respect to their parents and grandparents. For Germans, such surnames may be prefixed with VON (of, or of the). Surnames were created to identify people by their occupations, such as BECKER (baker); FISCHER (fisher); KRAMER (merchant); and SCHNEIDER (dressmaker). Surnames also associated people with a locality or geographic region, with surname endings such as BURG (castle); BRUCK (bridge); FURT (ford); or BERG (mountain). You will find that the aforementioned surname circumstances applied in most countries and across most ethnical backgrounds.

My surname, now written as YAKEL, was originally spelled JCKEL and/or JECKEL by my Rheinish German ancestors over 3 centuries ago. The name JECKL (as well as JCKEL, JOCKEL and other variants) means coming from Jakob (Jacob), with the suffix EL added as a diminutive nickname form.

My oldest ancestor, Joannes JECKEL, was born about 1650. His name literally means, Joannes (John), coming from Jakob. It is not unreasonable to presume that one of his ancestors, perhaps his father, or grandfather, was simply known by family and friends as Jakob. In time, when Joannes was born, he may have been referred to as Joannes JECKEL literally, "Joannes, son of Jakob", to distinguish him from his father or other relative. Joannes, in turn, named his children, adopting the JECKEL moniker as his surname. Such was one common method for creating surnames. The rest, as they say, is history!

Even if you only have limited knowledge of your familys origins, it is quite possible to determine the meaning of your surname. An Internet search will quickly produce many websites and references to aid you in this quest.

Best of luck as you trace your history!

This is the first article, "Surname Meanings", in the 3-part series, "What's in a Name?" by Joseph Yakel. Please visit Ezine@rticles at http://www.ezinearticles.com for the second two parts of the series: Part 2 Surname Spelling Variations", and Part 3 "Surname Landmarking".

These articles are intended to provide some general knowledge about genealogy, tracing family history, and introduce the reader to the surname meanings and how they can be determined through the research process.

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Germany Behind the Mask: Monster or Marshmallow?

For over 50 years, Herbert W. Armstrong warned that a German-led European combine would thresh the nations. When Germany lay in ashes after WWII, Mr. Armstrong had no doubt Germany would be back with a vengeance and he pounded this theme home through the pages of The Plain Truth magazine read by millions worldwide.

Are We Wrong About Europe? by Ryan Malone of The Philadelphia Trumpet magazine, reveals how they continue in Armstrong's tradition.

Konrad Adenauer said the West was "taking a calculated risk" when they started rebuilding Germany after the Holocaust. Before that President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill agreed: "It is our inflexible purpose to destroy German militarism and Nazism and to ensure Germany will never again be able to disturb the peace of the world."

Nevertheless, Helmut Schmidt reported Germany was again putting on "imperial airs," and author Bernard Conally wrote that France was struggling to "hold the old demons of Germany's character in check." Margaret Thatcher warned her deaf audience that "Germany is very powerful now - her national character is to dominate." Are they all just crying wolf? Or is the German beast about to devour again?

Robert Locke is opposed to the increasingly fascist Europe (but doesn't believe Germany dominates it) stated: "I can't agree with you about Germany. It is a castrated PC marshmallow of a country, not a lion preparing to rule the world."

Consider Luigi Barzini's reference to The mutable Germans in The Europeans where he questions: Which is the shape of the German Proteus this morning? Which will be its shape tomorrow? Johannes Gross thinks his countrymen wear a mask. 'But the day may come when someone lifts the mask, he wrote. The face that appears may be less full-cheeked and rosy than today's... So long as we wear the mask, we remain hidden and continue to conceal the situation from ourselves.'

Ron Fraser (Is a World Dictator About to Appear?) exposes: Although Germany is the prime mover in all these [European unification] efforts, in order to dispel any idea that the country may have expansionist intentions, these initiatives have generally been made under the cloak of being for the common good of the European Union.

This sentiment concurs with Bismarck, who wrote in his diary (Nov. 1876): I have always heard politicians use the word Europe when they were making requests to other powers which they did not dare formulate in the name of their own country.

What is Germany hiding? Nuclear weapons? Who would be so foolish to imagine Germany without their own nuclear weapons when they were ahead of us in developing them? Certainly the grand design Franz Josef Strauss had in mind (with much at his disposal as Federal Minister of Nuclear Energy, and later Defense Minister) demanded independence from the United States. And Germany's Dolphin submarines delivered to Israel, equipped to handle nuclear weapons, underscore German military capabilities, yet the United States continues to blindly promote their control of the European continent, oblivious to The Dangers in US-German European Policy.

How many German plants in America are serving the interests of Germany's budding Fourth Reich? It's not only German factories and German businesses in America proving that basic thoroughness of the orderly German (Johannes Gross), since the secret Nazis had predetermined such a strategy, but bought and paid for American prostitutes in diverse and perverse positions of power aid and abet them! They expose our country to danger and will leave us infected as a nuclear wasteland!

What is Germany hiding behind the mask? Even if skeptics dismiss the mystic relationship between Germany and the Vatican (both forging Europe into their image believing the German spirit will heal the world -Emanuel Geibel), and doubt the Bavarian pope is soon going to promote a particular strong man and platform to save Europe and the world from the threat of Islam, shouldn't those responsible for our national security seriously consider the scenario of a United States of Europe betraying us? Shouldn't the intelligence experts consider that possibility and prepare for it? Why suffer the element of surprise that Germany is infamous for? The German is acquainted with the hidden paths to chaos... (Nietzche).

...it is once again important to keep an eye on the German Proteus in an attempt to fathom the probable shape of things to come. What form will he assume next? After all, Germany is still le coeur de l'Europe (Barzini). Is the German marshmallow about to mutate into the German monster? Will the EU mask come off and expose the beast? Will the heart be healthy for Europe or dark and dangerous?

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Springing To Life!

As global warming continues to take a hold, we are having another early spring here in Wales. The hard winter that the meteorologists thought was likely, because of changes in Atlantic currents, has thankfully not happened.

By late January, the smaller variety of daffodil was blooming in gardens. There will be an abundance in time for the welsh national day on 1st March. This is St. David's Day, the daffodil being the national flower.

Now in early February, colourful crocuses are starting to show, joining the snowdrops. This early flowering is about three weeks ahead of traditional spring timing. The bluebells are starting to rise.

The birdlife is starting to stir and pair up for nesting time.There is already a sign of an early morning chorus, not including the cockeril! Some wintering ducks have already disappeared.

We are still below average on rainfall, and in Wales it traditionary is expected to rain a lot! However, it is nothing like as serious as in south-east England where the rivers, including the Thames upstream, are running low in water. This lack of rainfall is a disturbing trend, having an impact on the welfare of all wildlife especially in spring. A vital element in a successful breeding cycle.

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